信息摘要：
晶閘管是一種由四層p型和n型材料組成的固態半導體器件。它只作為雙穩態開關，當門接收到電流觸發信號時進行導電，并一直這樣做，直到跨器件的電壓反向偏置，或直到電壓(通過其...
晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)是一種由(you)四層p型(xing)和n型(xing)材料組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)固態半導體器件。它只作為雙穩(wen)態開關，當(dang)門接收到電(dian)(dian)流(liu)觸(chu)發信號時進行導電(dian)(dian)，并(bing)一直(zhi)(zhi)這樣做，直(zhi)(zhi)到跨(kua)器件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)反向(xiang)偏置，或(huo)直(zhi)(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(通過其(qi)他方法)消(xiao)除。有兩種設計，不同之(zhi)處在于(yu)觸(chu)發導電(dian)(dian)狀態的(de)(de)方式。在三線晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，柵極(ji)(ji)引線上(shang)的(de)(de)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)控制著從陽極(ji)(ji)到陰極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。在雙線晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，當(dang)陽極(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差足(zu)夠(gou)大(擊(ji)穿電(dian)(dian)壓(ya))時，晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)開始通電(dian)(dian)。
一批晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)器件(jian)在1956年上市。由于晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)以利用(yong)小器件(jian)來(lai)控制(zhi)較大的(de)功率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，因此它(ta)們(men)廣泛應用(yong)于功率控制(zhi)，從(cong)調光器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉速控制(zhi)到高壓。直(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、逆變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、振蕩器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、斬波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、調光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、低成本定時器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、邏輯(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、速度控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等。晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)起初僅依(yi)靠(kao)反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流來(lai)關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)，這使得(de)施加直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很困難。較新的(de)設備(bei)類型可(ke)(ke)以通過控制(zhi)門(men)信(xin)號(hao)來(lai)開(kai)(kai)啟和關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)。后者稱(cheng)為閘(zha)(zha)(zha)極截止(zhi)晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)或GTO晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)。晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)不像晶體管(guan)(guan)那樣(yang)是比例器件(jian)。換(huan)句(ju)話說，晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)只能完全開(kai)(kai)或完全關(guan)(guan)，而晶體管(guan)(guan)只能介于兩者之(zhi)間。這使得(de)晶閘(zha)(zha)(zha)管(guan)(guan)不適合用(yong)于模(mo)擬放大器，但可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)作開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)。
晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)一種四層(ceng)三端半導體器件(jian)，每一層(ceng)由n型或p型交(jiao)替材料組成(cheng)(例如，p-n-p-n)。用陽(yang)極(ji)和陰極(ji)標記的主端子橫跨所(suo)有(you)四層(ceng)。控制(zhi)終(zhong)端(稱為柵極(ji))連接(jie)到陰極(ji)附近(jin)的p型材料上(shang)。(一種稱為SCS(硅控制(zhi)開(kai)關(guan))的變體將所(suo)有(you)四層(ceng)連接(jie)到終(zhong)端。)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的工作可以通過(guo)一對緊(jin)耦(ou)合(he)的雙極(ji)晶(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)來理解，雙極(ji)晶(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)被(bei)配置(zhi)成(cheng)自鎖動作:
當陽極相對于(yu)陰極處于(yu)正(zheng)電(dian)位VAK時(shi)，柵極上沒有施加(jia)電(dian)壓(ya)，接(jie)點J1和J3是正(zheng)向(xiang)偏壓(ya)，而接(jie)點J2是反(fan)向(xiang)偏壓(ya)。當J2反(fan)向(xiang)偏置時(shi)，不導電(dian)(截止狀態(tai))。現在，如果VAK增加(jia)到晶閘管的擊(ji)穿(chuan)電(dian)壓(ya)VBO, J2就會發生雪崩擊(ji)穿(chuan)，晶閘管開始通電(dian)(on狀態(tai))。
相(xiang)對于(yu)陰極施加(jia)正電位VG時，VAK值(zhi)較低時節(jie)點J2發生擊穿。通過選擇合(he)適的VG值(zhi)，晶閘管可以快速切(qie)換到on狀(zhuang)態。
在(zai)雪崩擊穿(chuan)的(de)情況下(xia)，不(bu)管門電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)如(ru)何，晶(jing)閘(zha)管都將繼續(xu)打開，直到:(a)潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)VAK被移除，或者(b)流經設備(陽極陰(yin)極)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流小于制(zhi)造商(shang)規定(ding)的(de)保持電(dian)(dian)流。因此，VG可以(yi)是電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)脈沖，如(ru)UJT弛豫(yu)振蕩(dang)器輸出的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。
柵極(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(IGT)和柵極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)來(lai)觸(chu)發柵極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。柵極(ji)觸(chu)發電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)與(yu)柵極(ji)脈沖寬度成反比(bi)。這樣，很明顯，觸(chu)發晶(jing)閘管需要(yao)小的門電(dian)(dian)荷。
在傳統的(de)晶閘管中，一旦通過(guo)柵打開，只要陽極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)，器件就會保(bao)持鎖存(也就是說，它(ta)可以在沒(mei)有柵極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)持續供應的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)保(bao)持鎖存)。門閂(shuan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(IL)。只要陽極(ji)保(bao)持正，除(chu)非電(dian)(dian)流(liu)降到保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(IH)以下(xia)(xia)，否則(ze)就不(bu)能(neng)關(guan)閉陽極(ji)。在正常工作(zuo)條件下(xia)(xia)，閂(shuan)鎖電(dian)(dian)流(liu)總是大于保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。
如果外部(bu)電路使(shi)陽極(ji)變成負偏置(zhi)，晶閘管(guan)(guan)可以(yi)關閉(一種稱(cheng)為自然換(huan)相或(huo)線路換(huan)相的方法)。在某(mou)些(xie)應用(yong)中，這(zhe)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)切換(huan)晶閘管(guan)(guan)使(shi)電容(rong)器放電到晶閘管(guan)(guan)的陽極(ji)來(lai)實現的。這(zhe)種方法稱(cheng)為強制換(huan)相。
